All about diabetes - What is it, Symptoms, Types
Diabetes Mellitus is characterised by an abnormality of glucose metabolism, which causes elevated glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) in both the blood and the urine. This failure of the human body to properly handle glucose, results directly from decreased insulin secretion, action or both. Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, allows the body's cells to use glucose as an energy fuel. When this cannot occur the body attempts to introduce more fuel (food) and starts to use alternate sources, such as stored fats. Consequently blood glucose levels rapidly rise and potentially poisonous by-products (ketones) are released from the accompanying and extensive fat metabolism. Unchecked this sequence of events can finally lead to a life-threatening condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis. Management of diabetes therefore attempts to restore blood glucose levels to near-normal using combinations of diet, exercise, drugs and insulin therapy.
Diabetes can be broadly classified into two main forms,
referred to as
Type 1 diabetes is in fact less prevalent than type 2. The 1995 Australian National Health Survey indicated that 430,700 Australians had self-reported diabetes. Of these about 80,000 (19%) had type 1 diabetes. It is also suggested that for every diagnosed type 2, there is one other undiagnosed type 2. Based on that estimate the actual proportion of people with type 1 diabetes is only about 10% of the total diabetes population.
In some individuals diabetes may result indirectly from an associated medical condition or use of certain drugs. For example hyperglycaemia may be secondary to certain pancreatic and endocrine diseases, drugs, chemicals, infections and genetic defects. Such occurrences however are uncommon.
Common Symptoms of Undiagnosed Diabetes- Excessive desire to drink
- Frequent passage of urine
- Increased fatigue or lethargy
- Severe irritation and itching
- Excessive hunger
- Blurred vision
- Weight Loss
type 1 Diabetes
- abrupt onset
- normally age < 20 yr
- symptoms at diagnosis
- autoimmune mediated
- no Beta cell function
- no insulin production
- insulin therapy required
- normally no family history
- not usually overweight
type 2 Diabetes
- gradual onset
- normally age > 35 yr
- frequently no symptoms
- erratic Beta cell function
- insulin normal or raised
- oral drugs may be used
- family history common
- usually overweight